^ This very thin sense of “duty” has been characterized using various terms. See Victor Tadros, Beyond the Scope of Consent, 50 Phil. & Pub. Affs. 430, 434 (2022) (“fact-relative dut[ies]”); Gardner, supra note 39, at 142 (“obligations to succeed” (footnote omitted)); Goldberg & Zipursky, supra note 6, at 113 (“dut[ies] of noninjury”). Because fact-relative duties cannot guide an agent’s behavior (at least not directly), and violating them does not render an agent open to criticism or blame, it is controversial whether they should be understood as genuine duties at all. For thoughts along these lines, see T.M. Scanlon, Moral Dimensions: Permissibility, Meaning, Blame 47–52 (2008).
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